2.89 Understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: ADH, adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen

• ADH: is made by hypothalmus but secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland. Promotes water conservation the kidneys.
• Insulin: causes cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Lowers blood glucose levels and secreted by the pancreas.
• Adrenaline: fight or flight response, increase heart rate and constricted blood vessels.
• Testosterone: secreted in the testes of the make and the ovary of the female. The small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. This is the male sex and an anabolic steriod.
• Progesterone: is a steroid hormone that's stimulates the preparation of the uterus for pregancy and maintains the uterus in the event of fertization. It is maintaining pregnancy and preventing further ovulation.
• Oestrogen: It controls the female sex and developeand promote the groeth of female at the puberty, stimuli egg (ovum) production and in mammals it prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy.

2.88 the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating vasoconstriction and vasodilation

• The skin regulates body temperature to protect against hyperthermia and hypothermia.
•  Skin protects from the invasion of noxious substances, UV light, heat and micro-organisms.
• The skin is also the most extensive sensory organ of the body for detection of tactile, thermal and painful stimuli.
• The eccrine sweat glands produces sweats.
•  The food stimulates heat inside the body which causes our brain to start off the body's normal cooling manner
• The fluid is emitted  our pores in the skin which is sweats.
  

2.87 understand the function of the eye in focusing near and distant objects, and in responding to changes in light intensity

• The light enters the eye passes through the cornea.Then the light cross the watery compartment and passes through the pupil and from there it enters the adjustable lens.
• The transparent structure containing highly crystallines proteins.
• The lens refract the light and sent the message to the brain.
• The lens has to adjust when looking at the image which is when you look at a distance objects.
• When you look at up close objects the lens has to adjust to he scatter light rays.

2.86 the structure and function of the eye as a receptor

• The eye would get light from the objects which is by the sensory nerves and then the message would be sent to the coordinator and then the motor nerves would sent the message to the effector for us to decide about the object by the responses from the muscle.
• The cornea is the curve band of strong, clear tissue on the surface of the eye, the cornea focuses light onto the retina.
• The epithelium provides a thin protective layer for the cornea and heals very quickly when disturbed.
• The iris : The coloured part of the eye is actually a muscle that controls the size of the pupil.
•  The pupil: The black circular area in the middle of the eye controls the amount of light reaching the retina.
• The retina: A membrane on the inner wall of the eye, similar to the film in a camera, the retina changes light into images that are transferred to the brain via the optic nerve.
• Sclera: The outer white coat of the eye, the scelera also provides protection.
• Lens: Is behind the pupil changes shape to allow the eye to focus. As a result of aging, the natural lens hardens, resulting in presbyopia, the loss of reading vision.

2.85 Reflex Arcs

• Reflex arcs are the sensory neuron connects to motor neurons through interneurons in the central nervous system
• The interneuron is in the spinal cord.
• The connection between the sensory neuron carrying the message from the receptor and the motor neuron is that it's carry the message to the effector.
• To make the interneurons of the central nervous system work
• These connection is the right connection or in another words "Integration".

2.84 stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses

• The messages that nerves carry are called "nerve impilses". They are electrical signals.
• They pass very quickly along the axon of the neuron which axon is the part of the cell that are strectched out.
• Impulses travels along the axon like a train along a track and each one would be seperate from thr nexy and travels along after one another. Some axon has fatty sheath around them which insulates the axon and makes the impulses travel faster .
• People would get diseases due to the lose of the use of their muscles because the messages never reach them.
• This is cause by the multiple sclerosis the fatty sheath that breaks down and make the impulses slow down or may even stop.

2.83 central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves

• The main parts of the nervous system are the brain and the spinal cord.
• The spinal cord is linked to sense organ by nerves due to the central nervous system.
• The sense organs are our receptors and they sent messages to the central nervous system.
• Telling the central nervous system what's happening.
• These messages are sent along the sensory neurones.

receptor and  then central nerve system and then muscle

2.82 Communication

• We have a nerve eg. motor nerve which embed in the spine and this end would connect to the effector most likely would be muslce.
• From the cell body to the synaptic knob. Single cell is shown in orange.
• The effect is to increase the nerve conduction. The endocsic system produces a chemical call hormones.
• The hormones is secreted to the blood.
• The target tissue will have an effect and it can bring multiple effect.

Nerve - fast and hormones - really slow.

2.77b Thermoregulation

• Negative feedback loop control and maintaining constant conditions.
• 37/38 degree celsius is human body temperature.
• Hypothalamus is the region of the brain, stimuli is the temperature of the body which is blood.
• The effect would be the skim. 
• The responses would be the decreasing or increasing of the body temperature.

2.77a Thermoregulation

• Homeo mean same, ostasis mean conditions and thermic mean temperature.
• Homeothermal is thermoregulation.
• Maximum rate of reaction would be on the temperature.
• This is called the optimum temperature.
• It would be the same temperature for the mammal.

2.76 Sensitivity

• Sensitivity is the sense that response to the changes of the environment.
• Types of changes in the environment are light, temperature, pressure and chemical.
• In order to do the changes the organisms must take place in the receptor.
• The response recieved the sense by the effector.
• The response shows that the organisms has survive from the effector.