2.4 Plant cell and Animal cell

• Both cells have nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane.
• The different is the shape the plant shape is more regular.
• The plant cell has cell vacuole.
• Plant cell store starch but animal cell store glycogen.

2.3 Cell Functions

typical animal cell:

Cell membrane	Controls which substances can enter and leave the cell.
Nucleus	Contains genetic material that controls the function of the cell.
Cytoplasm	Contains many organelles in which all cell process take place.
Mitochondria	Cell organelle Site of aerobic respiration Release of energy for cell processes

PLant cell:

Cell membrane	Controls which substances can enter and leave the cell.
Nucleus	Contains genetic material that controls the function of the cell.
Cytoplasm	Contains many organelles in which all cell process take place.
Mitochondria	Cell organelle Site of aerobic respiration Release of energy for cell processes
Vacuole	Storage region for amino acids and sugars
Chloroplast	Site of photosynthesis
Cell wall	Provides support for plant cell and the plant tissues.

2.2 Cell Structure

• Cell has a cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.
• The first cell shows the animal cells and the second cell is the plant cell.

2.1 Organisation

·         What make the plant an organism is that they are individual species that can do reproduction. The function is the ‘Transport’ of water which is in the transpiration. Big functions are associated with system which is reproduction and photosynthesis included need to gather water, light and carbon dioxide.

·         System can be defined as organs, tissue; cell that is working together for one overall purpose is photosynthesis. The diagram is an organ of the leaf. The overall function of the leave is photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.

·         The tissues are cells of the same kind due to the same shape and they do the same function.

Organs	Functions
Phloem	Cells transport ‘sap’
Xylem	Transport water and minerals
Paliscide	Main tissue involve photosynthesis
mesophyll	The space for transpiration and photosynthesis

·         Palisade cell: the chloroplast, cell membrane, cell wall the cytoplasm are called organelles; work together to produce the functioning cell. The organization is based on cell, tissue, organs, system and organism.

2.75 Urine

• The brain influencing the functioning of the 2 kidneys and how the 2 kidneys are filtering are blood.
• The molecule which are remove, which come down the ureter collect in the bladder.
• Together this form what we know as urine.
• Urine contain salts, water and urea. The salts and water effects the composition of tissue fluid which is called osmoregulation. 
• The removal of urea is part of the process of the excretion of metabolic waste. The varies is depends up on the conditions that the person is operating.

2.74 ADH

• ADH: Anti-diuretic hormones, ADH produces in the region of the brain known as the hypothalamus.
• The effect of the ADH is to control and altered the composition of water which is in the blood, which has the ability to make the blood more or less concentration.
• The tissue fluid is isotonic of the cell ( role of ADH ).
• The effect of ADH allow more water to come out of the collecting duct. Collecting duct is where water selectively re-absorption of water going into the blood by applying the hormones ADH.
• ADH makes collecting duct walls more purest so, that more water can escape from the collecting duct.This water goes back into the blood. The urine would become more concentration and lower volume.

2.73 Glucose re-absorption

• The selection is glucose and the re-absorption would be from the glomerular filtrate back to the blood.
• Water is remove back into the blood from the collecting duct.
• At the end of the nephron, the urine is normally does not contain glucose.
• Glucose is in the fluid, that the proximal convoluted tubule (first twisted tube) glucose is remove is taken back to the blood.

2.72 Water re-absorption

• The filtrate passes along the tubule and it reaches the collecting duct.
• The water removes from the filtrate.
• The water turn back to the blood vessels.
• Water is selected and turn to re-absorption into blood.
• Occurs in the collecting duct.

2.71 Ultrafiltration

• Nephron- Filtration of blood-clean blood and urine.
• This urine compose of salts, water and urea ( nitrogen waste). Bowman's capsule is where the filtration begins.
• Filtration of blood: blood arriving in kidney, in the nephron in this blood vessel known as the "Afferent arteriole". It's high pressure, it's start to branch and be come very very much smaller.
• Wide blood vessel diameter and Small blood vessel diameter. High pressures forces the plasma (all components dissolve in water) out of the blood vessels into the bowman's capsule.
• Change the plasma to be called :filtrate" and its takes place in the glomerula so its called the :Glomerula Filtrate".

2.70 Nephron Structure

• Nephron is the function of the kidney which does the filtration and controlling of blood.
• Renal artery take the blood to the kidney. Urine comes down by the ureter.
• The lighter of the outer is called cortex, the inside called the medulla and the lighter colour space is the pelvic region.
• The reason of the different colours is that the kidney is made up of millions of tubular structures.
• The tubes start on the edge of the medulla and moves directly upwards through the medulla out in the cortex and whines a bit before dipping down into the medulla again and back up and another short twisting section before coming to a dead end (Bowman's capsule).