4.7 Energy Efficiency

·         Pyramid of energy is the image of 100% is producer, 10% is primary consumer and 1% is secondary consumer.

·         So, the percentage that is for producer, primary and secondary is for their body parts and tissues.

·         The reason is the primary has to walk around and find food and carry out the process of “respiration”.

·         For example, mice cannot digest cellulose so; the plant cell wall can’t be digested. So, it contains energy that is lost in a form of faeces undigested material.

·         They all die and decompose so, they would call decomposers.

4.6 Energy and substances in food chains

·         Producer change light energy to the chemical energy.

·         This chemical takes the form of molecules.

·         Including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids which are called food.

·         These molecules are C-H, C-O, C-C, O-H, C-N are all energy bonds.

·         CHON are substances of matter which contain the energy which was fake from sunlight. What passing in each chain are substances and the bonds.

4.5c Pyramids

·         The basic simple description of feeding. So, food chain gives us simple diagram of whom eating who.

·         To quantify that we need to do this:

·         Pyramid of number= Number of organisms at each trophic level.

1 sparrow hawk

10 flycatchers

100 carrot fly

1000 carrot plant

       Then draw pyramid that shown in the video.

2.       Pyramid of biomass. Biomass is refer to “living material’ and the mass would be (g/kg). The problem of biomass is that the water content is very variable.

·         We would have a better understanding of mass of matter.

·         The third ideal pyramid of energy transferred. As we move up the pyramid the size shrinks. This kind of pyramid cannot be invested.

·         The pyramid of energy would require pyramid of number in between that is biomass.

4.5b Food Webs

• Food web allow us to understand the ecosystem is compose the community of organism which are interact.
• The interact of food web describe is feeding.
• The food web shows different trophic levels.
• Firstly, is organism can have multiple predators.
• Secondly, they feed multiple preys.
• Thirdly, this result in food chain becoming link.

4.5a Food Chains

• Food chain links together the producer to the primary consumer to the secondary consumer and to the tertiary consumer.
• You have only 1 organism per trophic level.
• In a food chain yo cannot show an organism an omnivore.
• You cannot sure that organism is more than 2 trophic levels.
• Food shows the flow of mater and energy.

4.4 Trophic Levels

• The word "Trophic" means to "feed". The carrot plant is in term of photosynthesis, the carrotfly eating the carrot plant which is the term of herbivore. The flycatcher eat the carrotfly which is the term of carnivre and the carnivore eat the carnivore is a term of the top carnivore.
• Carrot plant is call the producer is turning light energy to chemical energy. The carrotfly eating the carrot plant is a primary consumer takes in the chemical energy of the plant and change to the chemical energy of the fly.
• Flycatcher eats the primary consumer which make them the secondary consumers and change chemical energy from one form to another.
• Tertiary consumer eat the secondary consumer and it's chemica energy to chemical energy.
• When they all die and it's decomposers for 2 examples:

1. Fungi
2. Bacteria

4.3 Quadrates Sample

• The population of daisy. Sample has to be random so there is NO BIAS.
• The sampling has to be representative, have ti take sample large enough that are estimate to the population to the true population enough.
• The grid must be equal sizes. Place the quadrates in squares and we need to find our random numbers. So, we could put our quadrates then count the number of daisy.
• We need the representative sample which are bigger the better, we should look 10 quadrates but about 10% of the actual area would be even more appropriate. As we collect our data and generate the column as the number of daisy.
• To complete this we add up the column and divided by the daisy of quadrates and you would get the number of daisy per metre square.

4.2 Quadrates

• Image present the sand dune of the ecosystem which form the community and the habitat.
• There's a fence line which is grazed by cattle and the other side is ungrazed there is no cattle grazing here.
• Ecosystem we could choose to study side A or side B.
• What we do is to count the population. The technique is using quadrates base on squares.
• These squares can be of any material. The quadrates is use to sample the area. We would take sample from area and get an estimate of population size.

4.1 Ecosystems

• Ecosystem is a term that we hear very widely, on the left hand side ecosystem an image of forest with waterfall and trees growth.
• Looking to describe the community of organism and then we would have study of habitat.
• The habitat includes all the abiotic factors that is the non-biology factors of this environment. They could be a cycle daylight within dark photo period, we could include the temperature. We could have rainfall, humidity and slope of the land, these are non-biology factors.
• The community of organism is made up of populations of different species and the interacting. A population of a particular species and species we could define as organism that reproduce to give fertile offspring.
• The common interacted are feeding.