5.20 Evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals, for example to produce commercial quantities of human antibodies or organs for transplantation

·         Animals that are clone are genetically identical and transgenic/ DNA commercial antibodies.

·         Use restriction enzyme to cut the gene of human (antibody production).

·         In the egg is to knock out the cow antibody reproduction gene and then add the human gene.

·         Cow cell will develop by mitosis to form the clone of cells an embryo which transferred to the serrated mother which will genetically produce calves.

·         The antibodies are collected in the milk. Human anybody: large commercial scale.

5.19 Describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep

·         Dolly is the clone and it’s identical.

·         This is clone by removing the cell (diploid cell). Nucleus contains all genetic information.

·         Different animals treated to egg, tends to divide. Take the nucleus so, its enucleated.

·         We take the cells and fuse them together and by mitosis we get the blastula (embryonic sheep we start).

·         Then embryo put in the serrated mother and gives a birth sheep which is young sheep ‘Dolly’. Pair is clone even though their age is different.

5.18 Understand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial quantities of identical plants (clones) with desirable characteristics

·         Plant has characteristic, commercial desired.

·         Sexual reproduction which lead to variation: less of qualities.

·         Cloning technique: get many plant of same quality and product is the same.

·         The technique is micro propagation.

·         This is converted in 5.17 notes.

5.17 Describe the process of micro propagation (tissue culture) in which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media

·         Micro propagation is cloning.

·         We take the tissue from root and shoot. Aseptic condition.

·         We cut the tissue in many small parts (both roots and shoots).

·         Then put it in the nutrient agar minerals which will have rooting compounds and plant hormones.

·         The end it would be small clone and grow on (clone genetically identical).

5.16 Recall that the term ‘transgenic’ means the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

·         5.13 transgenic is bacterial DNA that has plasma inside.

·         Human insulin gene has a switch.

·         5.15 maize DNA that transferred the bacterial into the cell to be toxin.

·         This helps to kill the corkborer.

·         These are the 2 example of transgenic.

5.15 Evaluate the potential for using genetically modified plants to improve food production (illustrated by plants with improved resistance to pests)

·         Maize- damage by larvae Europe corkborer: 28% less of crop yield.

·         Bacterial gene when switch on is bacterial toxin known to kill the corkborer larvae.

·         Restriction enzyme to the bacterial gene and chop the gene out for the toxin.

·         This has to be transferred to the cell of the maize plant. The ‘gene gun’ involves taking tiny particle of gold to fire out the plant cell.

·         The plant cell gets the gene when switch on is toxin and kill the larvae which gives the maize resistance to corkborer.

5.14 Understand that large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter

·         Human DNA is insulin gene.

·         Culture of the bacteria is the large population will be injected into the ferment.

·         To control the temperature, pH and the nutrients. The bacteria manufacture the protein insulin.

·         Amino acid would be important.

·         The product is purification- downstream processing.